Biographic28,821
Bibliographic93,163
ID: | KCI0301 | ||||
Name
ααααα
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So Ho
ααΌα α αΌα
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Gender
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f
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ααα
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ααααΈ
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Status
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Alive
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ααααΆαααΆααααα½ααΆα
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αα
ααα
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CBIO ID
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I02359
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Source Interview
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KCI0301 20030623, Chong Prek village, Moha Leap sub-district, Koh So Tin district, Kampong Cham province. Interviewed by Long Dany. Notes: Interviewed with So Ho, biography owner.
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αααααααα―αααΆα/αααααααΆααα
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αααααΈα’αΆαα α£α α‘ α’α α α£α α¦α’α£, ααΌαα·α
α»αααααα αα»ααα αΆ ααΆα αααα»ααααααΌαα·α ααααααααααα
αΆαα αααααΆαααα α‘α»α ααΆααΈα αααααααααΆααα αα½ααααααΆαααΆαα½α ααΌα α αΌα ααΆααα
αΆαα αααααααα·ααΌαααααΆααα
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Date of Birth
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Birth date: 1953???? Age at time of interview: 50
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αααα-αα-ααααΆα ααααΎα
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α‘α©α₯α£???? α’αΆαα» α₯α ααααΆα
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Home Village
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03080401, Kampong Cham, Koh Sotin, Moha Leap, Chun
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ααΈααααααααααΎα
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α α£α α¨α α€α α‘, ααααααααααα
αΆα αααα»ααααααΌαα·α αα»ααα αΆααΆα ααΌ
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Join KR
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1970????
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ααΆαα
αΌααα½ααααααααΆααααα»αααααααααααααα α
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α‘α©α§α ????
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Reason to Join KR
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Volunteer.
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ααΌαα ααα»α
αΌααα½ααααααααΆααααα»αααααααααααααα α
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αααααααα
α·ααα
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DK ORG Unit 75-79
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Medical Unit in Calmett Hospital
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α’αααααΆααααα»ααααααααααααα α(1975-79)
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α’αααααΆαααααα ααΆαααααααα αααααααα
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KR Rank(1975-79)
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Medical Staff
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αα½ααΆααΈαααα»ααααααααααααα α(1975-79)
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ααααα
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DK Zone 75-79
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Zone: Central Zone no.: 12 Province: Phnom Penh
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ααΈααΆααααΌαα·ααΆααααααααα»ααααααααααααα α(1975-79)
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ααααα·α, α‘α’, ααααααα
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Superior
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Ieng Thirith, Chuon Choeun, Minh
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α’αααααΉαααΆα
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α’αα αα·αα·ααα, αα½α ααΏα , ααα·αα
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Associates
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α’αααααΆαααααααααααααα
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Summary
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So Ho, female, is 50 years old, and she nowadays has a husband named O Yoeun. Ho has 5 children [2 boys + 3 girls], and she is now living in Chong Prek village, Moha Leap sub-district, Koh So Tin district, Kampong Cham province. Hoαs father was San So and her mother was Neang Pol; in addition, she has 7 siblings. Ho was born in Pongra village, Koh So Tin district. When she was a child, Ho studied until grade 7 [in the old system] at Chy Hor High School, but she didnαt finish her lower secondary school level. At that time, Ho liked volleyball, and there was also a skillful coach to train; in addition, she went to play volleyball somewhere included Phnom Penh. It was in 1970 that there was a coup to depose Samdach Sihanouk. A few mothers later, Ho volunteered to serve the Khmer Rouge Movement. At that time, everyone really wanted to join the revolution through Samdach Sihanoukαs propaganda that all children ran into Mar Ky forest in order to struggle against American Imperialist. When she first joined, Ho was in Ministry of Information in Koh So Tin district but itαs in the forest because KR didnαt take control over the district hall yet. At that time, the upper class sent Ho to study about the KR communist policy, and she was then sent to help in Hospital because many of KR comrades felt ill injured and died. Ho was a medical staff in the Eastern Zone 22 in Dambe. At that time, there were bombardments for Lon Nol. It was in 1973 that 1000 medical staffs in Social Affairs, divided from P-1 to P-10 that there were from 80 to 100 medical staffs per P-1, were trained in medical skills how to treat and produce ampoule medicines. In 1973, Angkar assigned Ho to get married. At that time, young men had right to propose to the upper class; thus, there was an agreement between young men and women. Both young men and women had to come to determine in front of Angkar, carrying hands. There werenαt many people who attended the wedding. It was when KR got the victory in 1975 that Ho along with her family was assigned to work as a medical staff in Phnom Penh, and she was designated to be stationed in P-1 Hospital called Calmett Hospital. Ieng Saryαs son named Minh controlled this hospital while Ieng Thearith was the minister of Ministry of Social Affairs. It was in 1977 that many KR cadres were arrested. Ho thought "why many KR cadres are captured, and if it still happens like this, the country will definitely be upside-down". Angkar also arrested Leng Pisey, Tiv Olαs wife, who was working in Ministry of Information in Prey Veng province; in addition, So Phim and Ho Nim were arrested and accused of being traitors all. Thatαs why all medical staffs that were related to traitorous network were scared every day; for example, Ho was assigned to farm in rice field to be reeducated, working hard without time to rest. There wasnαt enough food to. Ho was forced to work harder and harder until she dare scold Angkar. At that time, everyone thought that Ho was a crazy maniac who needed to be sent to hospital, but, in fact, she wasnαt crazy like what has been thought. Fortunately, Ho wasnαt killed by Angkar. When Vietnamese soldiers marched into Cambodia, most of KR cadres ran straight to Khmer-Thai Border. Ho together with patients went to Khmer-Thai Border by train. After that, everyone walked across the forest. When someone couldnαt continue walking, he/ she was left alone because everyone just ran to survive. Ho kept running until Pailinm, and she want into Thailan. It was very difficult to survive because many people died along the road because of lacking of food and water. Ho fed up with the life in KR regime. She then decided to run back to her home village in 1979.
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ααα
ααααΈαααααααααααααΆαα
|
ααΌα α αΌα αααααααΈ α’αΆαα»α₯α ααααΆα ααααααααααΆαααααΈααααα α’ααΌ ααΏα ααΆαααΌαα
ααα½αα₯ααΆαα αααα»αα’ααααΈα£ ααααα
ααΌαα·α
α»αααααα αα»ααα αΆααΆα αααα»ααααααΌαα·α ααααααααααα
αΆαα α αΌα ααΆααͺαα»α ααααα ααΆα ααΌα ααΆαααααΆαααααα ααΆα ααα»α ααΆαααααα’αΌαα§ααΆαα ααΆααααα»αααααΎααα
ααΌαα·αααα αα»ααααα αααα»α αααααΌαα·αα α αΌα ααΆαααΈααΌα
ααααα αΌαααααα·ααααΆαααααΈα ααααααΉαααααΆααααΈα§αͺα
αΆααα± αα·αααΆααααΆααααα‘α αααααααΆααααααα ααΆαααααααα‘αΆααααααα ααΈα‘αΆαααΆαααα ααΆααααααααΌααΈα‘αΆαααααΆαααααΆαααααΆα α αΎα ααΆααα
αααα‘αααΈα‘αΆααΆααααααΆαααααα αα αΌαααααααααααα αα
ααααΆαα‘α©α§α ααΎαααΆααααααααα αΆααααααΆαα αααααα
ααΈα αα» ααΆαααααα»ααααΆαααααα»αααααΆα α αΌα ααΆααααααααα
α·αααα
αΌααααααΈα
αααΆααααα αααα α ααΆαααααα·α ααΆαααα·αααΆααΎααα»αααααα
ααα
αΌαααΆαααΆα αααααΆαααααααααα
ααΈα αα» α±ααααΌαα
α
α
αΌααααααααΆααΈααΎααααΈ αααααΆααα
ααααααααα’αΆαααα·α
α α
αΌαααααΌααα
ααααα½ααααααΆααΆα αααα»ααααααΌαα·α αααα
αααα»ααααααα αα·αααΆααα
αΌαααΆααααΆααααΆααΆ αααα»ααα ααΆααααααααΆααααΎααΆααααααΌαα±αααα
αααααααααααααΆα αααααΆαα ααα±αααα½αααΆαααΆααααααααααααα·α αααααα’αΈαα·αααααΎαααΊαα·α ααΆαααα½αααααΆααα
αααΎαα α αΌα ααΆαα»ααααα·αααααα αα
ααΌαα·ααΆα ααΌαααΆαααααα’α’ ααΎαα
ααααααααααααααααΌα
ααΆαααα»αα’αΌαααΆαααͺ α
ααααΆααα
αααΌ αααα»αααααΌααα»α αα
αααααααΆααΎα ααΆαααααααα α ααααΆαααΆα αΆα ααα ααα αααααΆααααααΆααα
αααΎαααΆααα αα
ααααΆαα‘α© α§α£ αα»ααααα·αααααααα
αααα»αααααααα·α
αα
ααΆαααααα·αα‘α α α ααΆαα αααα
ααα
αΆααααΈαα‘αα αΌαααααα‘α αααα»ααα‘ααΆαααααΆ ααΈα¨α ααΆαααααα‘α α ααΆαα ααΆααααααΆαααααΆαα·αααααΆαααΆα’ααα αααααααα
ααα
α ααααααααααααααααΆααΆααα·αα―ααααααα·αααααΆα α’αααΌαα αα
ααααΆαα‘α©α§α£ α αΌα α’αααααΆαααΆαααα α
ααααα½ααΆαα±αα ααΆααααααΆααα»ααα ααΆααα·αααααααΎααα
ααα
αΉααα
ααΆαααΆα αααααααααααΆααααα»αα‘αΎαααααααααΆαα»α α’αααααΆαα
αΆααααααααΆαα
ααααΆααααααα
αΌα αα½αα
αααΎαααα αα
ααααΆαα‘α©α§α₯ αααααααααααα αααα½α αααααααα α αΌα ααΆαααααααΎααΆααα
αααααααααΆαα½ααααα½ααΆαααΆ αα»ααααα·αααααααααα αααα
αΆαααΆααα
αααααΈαααααααα‘ α α
αααααΈα αααααααΆαααααααα ααΌαααα α’αα ααΆααΈ ααααα ααα·α ααΆα’αααααααααααααααααΈαααααα α
αααα αααααααααααΈααααα½αααααααα·α
αα
ααΆα α’ααα ααααΈ α’αα αα·αα·ααα ααΆαααααΆαα αα
ααααΆαα‘α©α§α§ ααΆαα
αΆαα αααααΆαα· ααΆαααΆα
αααΎαααΆαα α αΌα αα·ααα·ααΆααααα»αα
α·ααααααα½αα―αααΆ α ααα»ααΌα
ααααα
ααΆαααΆα
αΆααααααΆα―αα
αααΎααααΆαααα αααααααα·αααΆ αααα‘αΆααα
αΆαααα·αααΆααα α
αΆααα’αααααααΈ α‘αα αα·ααΈ αααααααΌαααΆααααααα ααα ααΈα α’α»α αα
ααααα½ααααααΆααΆα αααααααααααα α
αΆαααα ααΉα α
αΆαα α ααΌ ααΉα α’αααααΆαα
ααααΆ αααααααΆααα’ααα ααΌα
ααα αα»ααααα·ααααααΆαααααααααααα
ααααααΆαααααΆαααααααΆα
αααααΆαααααα ααΌα
ααΆ α αΌα ααααΌαα’αααααΆαααααΆαααα
α±ααααααΎαααααα·α αα»αααα±ααααααΎααΆαααααΆα ααααααααΆα α’αΆα αΆααααα·αααΆααααααααααΆαα αα αΌααααα ααΆαααα α’αααααΆα αααααααα·αααααΎαααΆαααααΆααΆ α αΌα ααααΆαΌαααααΌαααααααααΆααΆα αα
αααααΈαααααα ααΆααα·ααα
α αΌα αα·αααΆαααααΆα½α ααΌα
ααΆα α
αααααααΆαααα ααααααΆαααα’ α’αααααΆααα·αα
αΆαααααα
ααΆαα
ααα αα
ααααΆαα‘α© α§α© αααααααααααααΆαα
αΌααα ααααααααααα»ααΆ αααααΆαα·ααΆαααααααααα αααααα
ααΆαααααα α αΌα ααΆαααααα
ααΆαα½αα’αααααααΊααααα·αααααααΎαααααΉααααΆαααα»α α’αΆα
αααααΆα ααΆαααααΆα
α»αααΎαααΆαααααααααααααα’ααα ααΆααΎααα·ααα½α
αα»α α
αααα
ααααΆαααααααααα½α
αααααα½α ααααα αΌααααααααα·αααααΆαααααα»α αα αα·ααΆαααΉαααΆαα·α ααΆαααααα αααααααα»αααααααΆααα
αααΎαααΆαααααΌα αααααΆαααααΆαα’αΆα αΆααα·αααΉαααΉαα α αΌα αααα’αα
α·ααααα·αααααα
ααΆ αα½α αααααααααααα αααααΆααααααα
α
α·ααααααα
αααααα‘αααααααα»α ααααΎααα·ααα
ααααΆαα‘α©α§α©α
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Activity Witness
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Ho has learned that many people were captured and killed
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αααααααΆαααΆαααααααααααα»ααΆα
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ααΉαααΆ ααΆαα
αΆααααα»ααααααα
ααΆαααα»ααα·ααααααΆααα
ααα
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Copyright
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Β© DC-CAM
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αααααΆαα·αααα·ααα
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Β© αααααααααα―αααΆαααααα»ααΆ
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Credit Line: Documentation Center of Cambodia's Archives.
"Documentation Center of Cambodia's Archives"
This website was funded in part by a grant (Documentation and Democracy) from the United States Department of State. The opinions, findings and conclusions stated herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Department of State and the United States Agency for International Development.
Concept by Ean Panharith and Youk Chhang
Β© 2023 Documentation Center of Cambodia
The Prevention and Punishment of the Crimes of Genocide
By Youk Chhang
The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide stands alongside the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as one of the key pillars of international human rights law, and for this Human Rights Day in 2022, I want to highlight the critical importance of the responsibility to prevent atrocity crimes, which includes genocide. When atrocity crimes occur, there is an immediate need to stop these atrocious acts, followed by the equally urgent tasks of documenting, investigating, and ultimately prosecuting the perpetrators. However, from 1948 to today, we have not given enough attention to true prevention.
Atrocity crimes do not occur in a vacuum. There is a long chain of events and conditions that precede atrocity crimes. Isolation, segregation, and discrimination frequently, if not always, precede the rationalization of atrocity crimes against a group of people. And before people are discriminated against, they must be dehumanized. The process of dehumanization depends upon rationalizing hatred and distrust, and these processes are precipitated by misinformation, fueled by uninformed biases, stereotypes, and exploitative actors. They are also frequently dependent upon the disintegration, corruption, or lack of development of critical institutions, in particular institutions dedicated to dialogue and education. It is here that we must dedicate our greatest attention.
Since 1948, we have made great strides toward taking actions that interrupt, mitigate, and to a very limited extent, punish the chief perpetrators of atrocity crimes; however, these actions are not preventative but reactive in nature. No atrocities crime trial has ever prevented the next genocide, and no sanctions or punishment can bring back the dead or undo the trauma that extends across multiple generations. Indeed, the trauma of atrocity crimes in the distant past are often the forgotten seeds for the next wave of violence and inhumanity of the future.
If we are to truly adopt strategies that are effective, far reaching, and decisive in preventing atrocity crimes, then our priorities must be re-oriented to the opposite end of the spectrum, where the seeds of the next genocide are cultivated. Our responsibility in complying with foundational human rights documents should be measured not solely by our success at responding, investigating, and prosecuting atrocity crimes, but by our efforts in supporting institutions, initiatives, and actions that have a positive influence in preventing all forms of inhumanity. The most effective strategy at preventing the next genocide is centered on actions and policies that interrupt and reduce the risk of escalation at the earliest stages of inhumanity.
Cambodia recently removed human rights days from public calendars. I think we should reconsider this collective decision. Cambodia has achieved extraordinary success in its genocide education programme, which is the essence of atrocity crimes prevention. And so, to capitalize on this success and Cambodiaβs regional and even global leadership in this area, we should hold an annual dialogue on the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. As the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) closes its doors, there is no better time than now to preserve Cambodiaβs leadership and momentum in realizing the core objectives of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.
The Documentation Center of Cambodia (DC-Cam) is proud of the support it has given to the ECCCβs work, which was fundamental to giving victims an opportunity to participate in the justice process and realize some sense of closure from the Khmer Rouge genocide. DC-Cam is also eager to support an annual conference on the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. As we commemorate this Human Rights Day, we would be mindful to recognize our fundamental human rights documents are not only universal commitments, but also standards for evaluating the kind of world we are leaving for the next generation.
—————
Youk Chhang is Executive Director of the Documentation Center of Cambodia. The Center dedicating to Justice, Memory, and Healing for survivors of the Khmer Rouge genocide.
Photo above: Children at Angkor Wat, 1979. After the collapse of the Khmer Rouge regime on 7 January 1979, hundreds of thousands of children were left orphaned. From 1975 to 1979, the Khmer Rouge led Cambodia into tragedy causing the deaths of over 2 million people. Although two millions were killed, five millions more survived to tell their story. The perpetrators of these crimes also survived. Photo: Documentation Center of Cambodia Archives.
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