Biographic28,821
Bibliographic93,161
ID: | KCI0301 | ||||
Name
ឈ្មោះ
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So Ho
សូរ ហូរ
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Gender
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f
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ភេទ
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ស្រី
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Status
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Alive
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ស្ថានភាពគ្រួសារ
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នៅរស់
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CBIO ID
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I02359
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Source Interview
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KCI0301 20030623, Chong Prek village, Moha Leap sub-district, Koh So Tin district, Kampong Cham province. Interviewed by Long Dany. Notes: Interviewed with So Ho, biography owner.
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ប្រភពនៃឯកសារ/បទសម្ភាសន៍
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ខេស៊ីអាយ០៣០១ ២០០៣០៦២៣, ភូមិចុងព្រែក ឃុំមហា លាភ ស្រុកកោះសូទិន ខេត្តកំពង់ចាម។ សម្ភាសដោយ ឡុង ដានី។ កំណត់សំគាល់ៈ ជួបសម្ភាសជាមួយ សូរ ហូរ ជាម្ចាស់ ប្រវត្តិរូបផ្ទាល់។
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Date of Birth
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Birth date: 1953???? Age at time of interview: 50
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ថ្ងៃ-ខែ-ឆ្នាំ កំណើត
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១៩៥៣???? អាយុ ៥០ ឆ្នាំ
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Home Village
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03080401, Kampong Cham, Koh Sotin, Moha Leap, Chun
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ទីកន្លែងកំណើត
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០៣០៨០៤០១, ខេត្ដកំពង់ចាម ស្រុកកោះសូទិន ឃុំមហាលាភ ភូ
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Join KR
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1970????
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ការចូលរួមសកម្មភាពក្នុងសម័យខ្មែរក្រហម
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១៩៧០????
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Reason to Join KR
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Volunteer.
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មូលហេតុចូលរួមសកម្មភាពក្នុងសម័យខ្មែរក្រហម
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ស្ម័គ្រចិត្ដ
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DK ORG Unit 75-79
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Medical Unit in Calmett Hospital
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អង្គភាពក្នុងរបបខ្មែរក្រហម(1975-79)
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អង្គភាពពេទ្យ កាល់ម្រ៉ែត ភ្នំពេញ។
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KR Rank(1975-79)
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Medical Staff
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តួនាទីក្នុងរបបខ្មែរក្រហម(1975-79)
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ពេទ្យ
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DK Zone 75-79
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Zone: Central Zone no.: 12 Province: Phnom Penh
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ទីតាំងភូមិសាស្រ្តក្នុងរបបខ្មែរក្រហម(1975-79)
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មជ្ឈិម, ១២, ភ្នំពេញ
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Superior
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Ieng Thirith, Chuon Choeun, Minh
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អ្នកដឹកនាំ
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អៀង ធិរិទ្ធ, ជួន ជឿន , ម៉ិញ។
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Associates
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អ្នកពាក់ព័ន្ធដ៏ទៃទៀត
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Summary
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So Ho, female, is 50 years old, and she nowadays has a husband named O Yoeun. Ho has 5 children [2 boys + 3 girls], and she is now living in Chong Prek village, Moha Leap sub-district, Koh So Tin district, Kampong Cham province. Ho៌s father was San So and her mother was Neang Pol; in addition, she has 7 siblings. Ho was born in Pongra village, Koh So Tin district. When she was a child, Ho studied until grade 7 [in the old system] at Chy Hor High School, but she didn៌t finish her lower secondary school level. At that time, Ho liked volleyball, and there was also a skillful coach to train; in addition, she went to play volleyball somewhere included Phnom Penh. It was in 1970 that there was a coup to depose Samdach Sihanouk. A few mothers later, Ho volunteered to serve the Khmer Rouge Movement. At that time, everyone really wanted to join the revolution through Samdach Sihanouk៌s propaganda that all children ran into Mar Ky forest in order to struggle against American Imperialist. When she first joined, Ho was in Ministry of Information in Koh So Tin district but it៌s in the forest because KR didn៌t take control over the district hall yet. At that time, the upper class sent Ho to study about the KR communist policy, and she was then sent to help in Hospital because many of KR comrades felt ill injured and died. Ho was a medical staff in the Eastern Zone 22 in Dambe. At that time, there were bombardments for Lon Nol. It was in 1973 that 1000 medical staffs in Social Affairs, divided from P-1 to P-10 that there were from 80 to 100 medical staffs per P-1, were trained in medical skills how to treat and produce ampoule medicines. In 1973, Angkar assigned Ho to get married. At that time, young men had right to propose to the upper class; thus, there was an agreement between young men and women. Both young men and women had to come to determine in front of Angkar, carrying hands. There weren៌t many people who attended the wedding. It was when KR got the victory in 1975 that Ho along with her family was assigned to work as a medical staff in Phnom Penh, and she was designated to be stationed in P-1 Hospital called Calmett Hospital. Ieng Sary៌s son named Minh controlled this hospital while Ieng Thearith was the minister of Ministry of Social Affairs. It was in 1977 that many KR cadres were arrested. Ho thought "why many KR cadres are captured, and if it still happens like this, the country will definitely be upside-down". Angkar also arrested Leng Pisey, Tiv Ol៌s wife, who was working in Ministry of Information in Prey Veng province; in addition, So Phim and Ho Nim were arrested and accused of being traitors all. That៌s why all medical staffs that were related to traitorous network were scared every day; for example, Ho was assigned to farm in rice field to be reeducated, working hard without time to rest. There wasn៌t enough food to. Ho was forced to work harder and harder until she dare scold Angkar. At that time, everyone thought that Ho was a crazy maniac who needed to be sent to hospital, but, in fact, she wasn៌t crazy like what has been thought. Fortunately, Ho wasn៌t killed by Angkar. When Vietnamese soldiers marched into Cambodia, most of KR cadres ran straight to Khmer-Thai Border. Ho together with patients went to Khmer-Thai Border by train. After that, everyone walked across the forest. When someone couldn៌t continue walking, he/ she was left alone because everyone just ran to survive. Ho kept running until Pailinm, and she want into Thailan. It was very difficult to survive because many people died along the road because of lacking of food and water. Ho fed up with the life in KR regime. She then decided to run back to her home village in 1979.
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សេចក្ដីសង្ខេបបទសម្ភាស៏
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សូរ ហូរ ភេទស្រី អាយុ៥០ឆ្នាំ សព្វថៃ្ងមានប្ដីឈ្មោះ អ៊ូ យឿន មានកូនចំនួន៥នាក់ ប្រុស២ស្រី៣ រស់នៅភូមិចុងព្រែក ឃុំមហាលាភ ស្រុកកោះសូទិន ខេត្ដកំពង់ចាម។ ហូរ មានឪពុក ឈ្មោះ សាន សូរ មានម្ដាយឈ្មោះ នាង ប៉ុល មានបងប្អូន៧នាក់ មានស្រុកកំណើតនៅភូមិពង្រ ឃុំពង្រ ស្រុក កោះសូទិន។ ហូរ កាលពីតូចរៀនរហូតដល់វិទ្យាល័យជីហែរត្រឹមថ្នាក់ទី៧ឪចាស់ឱ មិនទាន់បានប្រឡង យកសញ្ញាប័ត្រទេ កាលនោះស្រឡាញ់ផ្នែក កីឡាប៉ាល់ទះ មានលោកគ្រូកីឡាបង្កាត់យ៉ាងជំនាញ ហើយ បានទៅប្រឡងកីឡាតាមបណ្ដាលខេត្ដ រហូតដល់ភ្នំពេញ។ នៅឆ្នាំ១៩៧០ កើតមានរដ្ឋប្រហារទម្លាក់ សមេ្ដចសីហនុ បានតែប៉ុន្មានខែប៉ុណេ្ណាះ ហូរ បានស្ម័គ្រចិត្ដចូលបម្រីចលនាខែ្មរ ក្រហម កាលនោះមិន ថាគេមិនថាយើងសុទ្ធតែចង់ចូលតាមការ ឃោសនារបស់សមេ្ដចសីហនុ ឱ្យកូនចៅចូលពៃ្រម៉ាគីដើម្បី ប្រឆាំងចក្រព័ត្ដអាមេរិច។ ចូលដំបូងនៅក្រសួងឃោសនាការ ស្រុកកោះសូទិន តែនៅក្នុងពៃ្រទេ មិនទាន់ចូលកាន់កាប់សាលា ស្រុកទេ កាលនោះថ្នាក់លើបានបញ្ជូនឱ្យទៅរៀនផ្នែកនយោបាយ បន្ទាប់ មកឱ្យជួយការងារផ្នែកពេទ្យវិញ ព្រោះអីមិត្ដយើងឈឺនិង មានរបួសស្លាប់ច្រើន។ ហូរ ជាបុគ្គលិកពេទ្យ នៅភូមិភាគ បូព៌ាតំបន់២២ ដើរចល័តគ្រប់កនែ្លងដូចជាស្រុកអូររាំងឪ ចម្ការកៅស៊ូ ស្រុកត្បូងឃុំ នៅ តំបែរជាដើម កាលនោះយន្ដ ហោះខាងទាហាន លន់ នល់ ទម្លាក់គ្រាប់ច្រើនណាស់។ នៅឆ្នាំ១៩ ៧៣ បុគ្គលិកពេទ្យនៅក្នុងសង្គមកិច្ចមានដល់ជិត១០០០នាក់ បែងចែកចាប់ពីព១រហូតដល់ព១០ ក្នុងព១មានគ្នា ពី៨០ នាក់ដល់១០០នាក់ កាលនោះមានជនជាតិវៀតណាមជាអ្នក បង្រៀនបចេ្ចក ទេសពេទ្យរបៀបព្យាបាលនិងឯកទេសផលិតថ្នាំ អំពូល។ នៅឆ្នាំ១៩៧៣ ហូរ អង្គការបានរៀន ចំគ្រួសារឱ្យ កាលនោះខាងយុវជន មានសិទ្ធស្នើរទៅមេចឹងទៅមានការ យល់ព្រមគ្នាប្រជុំឡើងបេ្ដជ្ញាមុខ អង្គការចាប់ដៃគ្នាទៅ គ្មានភ្ញៀវចូល រួមច្រើនទេ។ នៅឆ្នាំ១៩៧៥ ពេលខែ្មរក្រហមទទួល ជ័យជម្នះ ហូរ បានមកធ្វើការនៅភ្នំពេញជាមួយគ្រួសារជា បុគ្គលិកពេទ្យដដែល ប្រចាំការនៅមន្ទីរពេទ្យព១ ហៅមន្ទីរ ពេទ្យកាល់ម៉ែត្រ កូនលោក អៀង សារី ឈ្មោះ ម៉ិញ ជាអ្នកគ្រប់គ្រងមន្ទីរពេទ្យ ចំណែក រដ្ឋមន្រ្ដីក្រសួងសង្គមកិច្ចមាន អ្នក ស្រី អៀង ធិរិទ្ធ ជាប្រធាន។ នៅឆ្នាំ១៩៧៧ មានចាប់ កម្មាភិ បាលជាច្រើននាក់ ហូរ គិតវិភាគក្នុងចិត្ដខ្លួនឯងថា ហេតុដូចមេ្ដចបានជាចាប់គ្នាឯងច្រើនយ៉ាងនេះ ប្រទេសពិតជា ក្រឡាប់ចាក់មិនខានទេ ចាប់អ្នកស្រី ឡេង ពិសី ដែលត្រូវជាប្រពន្ធ លោក ទីវ អុល នៅក្រសួងឃោសនាការ ខេត្ដពៃ្រវែង ចាប់សោ ភឹម ចាប់ ហ៊ូ នឹម អង្គការចោទថា ក្បត់ទាំងអស់។ ដូចនេះ បុគ្គលិកដែលជាប់ខ្សែក្បត់ចេះតែនាំគ្នាភ័យខ្លាចរៀងរាល់ថៃ្ង ដូចជា ហូរ ត្រូវអង្គការផ្លាស់ទៅ ឱ្យធ្វើស្រែវិញ លុតដំឱ្យធ្វើការគ្មាន ពេលសម្រាក អាហារក៏មិនបានគ្រប់គ្រាន់ រហូតដល់ហ៊ានជេរ អង្គការ ពេលនោះមិត្ដយើងនាំគ្នាថា ហូរ ឆ្កាូតត្រូវយកមកព្យាបាល នៅមន្ទីរពេទ្យ តាមពិតទៅ ហូរ មិនបានឆ្កាួត ដូចកាល ចោទប្រកាន់ទេ តែសំណាងល្អ អង្គការមិនចាប់យកទៅ វាយចោល។ នៅឆ្នាំ១៩ ៧៩ ពេលកងទ័ពវៀតណាមចូលមក ប្រទេសកម្ពុជា កម្មាភិបាលខែ្មរក្រហមរត់ទៅជាយដែនថៃ ហូរ បានរត់ទៅជាមួយអ្នកជំងឺដោយជិះរថភ្លើងត្រឹមរ៉ាស្ដុក អាចម៍រមាស នាំគ្នាចុះដើរកាត់ពៃ្របន្ដទៀតអ្នក ណាដើរមិនរួចទុក ចោលទៅ ម្នាក់ៗរត់យករួចតែខ្លួន រត់រហូតដល់បៃ៉លិនធ្លាក់ស្រុក ថៃ ពិបាកសឹងថាមិន បានរស់ទេ ព្រោះមនុស្សស្លាប់ច្រើនតាមផ្លូវ ដោយសារគ្មានអាហារនិងទឹកផឹក។ ហូរ ឆែ្អតចិត្ដនិងរស់នៅជា មួយ របបខែ្មរក្រហមក៏បានសមេ្រចចិត្ដរត់ចេញត្រឡប់មកស្រុក កំណើតវិញនៅឆ្នាំ១៩៧៩។
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Activity Witness
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Ho has learned that many people were captured and killed
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សកម្មភាពពាក់ព័ន្ធភស្តុតាង
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Credit Line: Documentation Center of Cambodia's Archives.
"Documentation Center of Cambodia's Archives"
This website was funded in part by a grant (Documentation and Democracy) from the United States Department of State. The opinions, findings and conclusions stated herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Department of State and the United States Agency for International Development.
Concept by Ean Panharith and Youk Chhang
© 2023 Documentation Center of Cambodia
The Prevention and Punishment of the Crimes of Genocide
By Youk Chhang
The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide stands alongside the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as one of the key pillars of international human rights law, and for this Human Rights Day in 2022, I want to highlight the critical importance of the responsibility to prevent atrocity crimes, which includes genocide. When atrocity crimes occur, there is an immediate need to stop these atrocious acts, followed by the equally urgent tasks of documenting, investigating, and ultimately prosecuting the perpetrators. However, from 1948 to today, we have not given enough attention to true prevention.
Atrocity crimes do not occur in a vacuum. There is a long chain of events and conditions that precede atrocity crimes. Isolation, segregation, and discrimination frequently, if not always, precede the rationalization of atrocity crimes against a group of people. And before people are discriminated against, they must be dehumanized. The process of dehumanization depends upon rationalizing hatred and distrust, and these processes are precipitated by misinformation, fueled by uninformed biases, stereotypes, and exploitative actors. They are also frequently dependent upon the disintegration, corruption, or lack of development of critical institutions, in particular institutions dedicated to dialogue and education. It is here that we must dedicate our greatest attention.
Since 1948, we have made great strides toward taking actions that interrupt, mitigate, and to a very limited extent, punish the chief perpetrators of atrocity crimes; however, these actions are not preventative but reactive in nature. No atrocities crime trial has ever prevented the next genocide, and no sanctions or punishment can bring back the dead or undo the trauma that extends across multiple generations. Indeed, the trauma of atrocity crimes in the distant past are often the forgotten seeds for the next wave of violence and inhumanity of the future.
If we are to truly adopt strategies that are effective, far reaching, and decisive in preventing atrocity crimes, then our priorities must be re-oriented to the opposite end of the spectrum, where the seeds of the next genocide are cultivated. Our responsibility in complying with foundational human rights documents should be measured not solely by our success at responding, investigating, and prosecuting atrocity crimes, but by our efforts in supporting institutions, initiatives, and actions that have a positive influence in preventing all forms of inhumanity. The most effective strategy at preventing the next genocide is centered on actions and policies that interrupt and reduce the risk of escalation at the earliest stages of inhumanity.
Cambodia recently removed human rights days from public calendars. I think we should reconsider this collective decision. Cambodia has achieved extraordinary success in its genocide education programme, which is the essence of atrocity crimes prevention. And so, to capitalize on this success and Cambodia’s regional and even global leadership in this area, we should hold an annual dialogue on the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. As the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) closes its doors, there is no better time than now to preserve Cambodia’s leadership and momentum in realizing the core objectives of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.
The Documentation Center of Cambodia (DC-Cam) is proud of the support it has given to the ECCC’s work, which was fundamental to giving victims an opportunity to participate in the justice process and realize some sense of closure from the Khmer Rouge genocide. DC-Cam is also eager to support an annual conference on the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. As we commemorate this Human Rights Day, we would be mindful to recognize our fundamental human rights documents are not only universal commitments, but also standards for evaluating the kind of world we are leaving for the next generation.
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Youk Chhang is Executive Director of the Documentation Center of Cambodia. The Center dedicating to Justice, Memory, and Healing for survivors of the Khmer Rouge genocide.
Photo above: Children at Angkor Wat, 1979. After the collapse of the Khmer Rouge regime on 7 January 1979, hundreds of thousands of children were left orphaned. From 1975 to 1979, the Khmer Rouge led Cambodia into tragedy causing the deaths of over 2 million people. Although two millions were killed, five millions more survived to tell their story. The perpetrators of these crimes also survived. Photo: Documentation Center of Cambodia Archives.
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